![]() Studies have shown that ICH pathology can be divided into two types: primary brain injury (PBI) and secondary brain injury (SBI) (Wu et al., 2020 Xue and Yong, 2020). Therefore, identifying effective drugs for treating ICH is essential. Despite the advancement in understanding the cause and pathophysiology of ICH, its treatment remains challenging for neurologists (Hostettler et al., 2019). ![]() Moreover, patients with ICH demonstrate less functional independence, with only 12–39% of survivors living independently (Poon et al., 2014, van Asch et al., 2010). The incidence of ICH increases with age, with reported one- and five-year mortalities of 46% and 29%, respectively. Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a non-traumatic intraparenchymal hemorrhage causing high mortality and poor outcomes.
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